Explainers

Bem-vindo à segunda parte do curso da Czapp sobre fretes.

No primeiro episódio, analisamos as diferentes maneiras pelas quais a carga pode ser transportada pelas cadeias de suprimentos em todo o mundo. Agora, examinaremos o mercado de frete de granéis secos com mais detalhes.

Welcome to the second instalment of Czapp’s course on freight.

In the first episode we looked at the different ways that cargo can be moved through supply chains around the world. Now we will examine the drybulk freight market in more detail.

Bem-vindo ao curso de frete da Czapp. Esperamos que ajude você a entender como as mercadorias circulam pelo mundo.

Welcome to Czapp’s course on freight. We hope it helps you understand how goods move around the world.

The course is split into 6 articles, with a special focus on ocean freight and less emphasis on road, rail or air freight.

• Understanding the basics of wheat.
• What different types are grown around the world?
• Who are the major producers and users?

Governments around the world are committing to clean energy. Many are encouraging investment by developing enticing fiscal frameworks, including tax incentives, to facilitate investment in low-carbon energy sources to meet these ambitions.

Since entering commercial production back in the 1980s, PET bottle-grade resin has rapidly grown to become the dominant packaging for beverages. The move away from traditional glass bottles was driven by a need to reduce both transportation and production costs, whilst improving the durability and safety of packaging. Improvements in production and compounding technologies over this time also enabled for a rapid expansion in PET resin usage across the food and beverage space.

• Offset standards set out procedures for preparing carbon reduction projects.
• They also set down methodologies to measure carbon reduction.
• Standards apply to the entire life cycle of a project.

Carbon offsets are the ‘visible’ outcome of an investment project that replaces existing fossil-fuel or carbon-intensive processes with clean, low- or zero-carbon alternatives, or which absorb CO2 from the atmosphere.

Bioenergy is a source of renewable energy that is produced when biomass fuel is burned. Biomass fuels are made from municipal waste, agricultural and forest residues. Forest biomass, which includes all parts of the tree such as the trunk, branches, leaves, and roots, is the most used biomass feedstock.

Biomass is a fuel derived from organic material such as agricultural and plant residues (e.g., wheat straw, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse), wood and forestry residues (e.g., woodchips, sawdust, wood pellets), and municipal waste.

Carbon compliance markets are legally binding systems that seek to drive emissions down by putting a price on emitting greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

The most common compliance market is known as “cap-and-trade”, in which the regulator sets a limit on the total amount of CO2 that can be emitted by covered entities – factories, power plants, energy distributors, etc.